Cells usually grow and multiply to form new cells as needed by the body. Cancer occurs when abnormal or damaged cells grow, multiply and form tumors, which can spread into or invade nearby tissues and travel to other organs. Head and neck cancers, mainly squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that occurs in the moist tissues that line the head and neck), often develop after exposure to carcinogens like tobacco, alcohol or HPV (human papillomavirus). Treatment aims to not only improve survival but also preserve vital functions affected by the cancer. Advances in surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapies, including chemotherapy and targeted drugs, have significantly enhanced care. Deciding the best treatment involves considering the patient’s overall health, treatment tolerance and expected outcomes, with doctors working together for the best approach.

What Is Head and Neck Cancer?

Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that develop in various regions of the head and throat, excluding brain and eye cancers. These cancers can originate in several areas, including:

• The sinuses (the spaces around the nose inside the skull)
• The nasal cavity (both inside and behind the nose)
• The mouth (includes the tongue, gums and roof of the mouth)
• The pharynx (the back of the mouth and throat, divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx and hypopharynx)
• The larynx (voice box)
• The lips, although cancer here is classified as skin cancer
• The salivary glands, though cancers in these glands are relatively rare

It is essential to note that cancers of the brain, eye, esophagus, thyroid gland and skin of the head and neck are typically not classified as head and neck cancers. When squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck spreads, it usually does so locally or to the lymph nodes in the neck. In some cases, cancerous squamous cells may appear in the lymph nodes of the upper neck without any visible primary tumor in the head and neck, resulting in a diagnosis of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma with an unknown primary site.

What Are the Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer?

Head and neck cancer symptoms can vary depending on the tumor's location:

In the Mouth:

• A white or red sore on the gums, tongue or lining of the mouth that does not heal
• Swelling in the jaw
• Unusual bleeding or pain in the mouth
• A lump or thickening
• Problems with dentures

At the Back of the Mouth (Pharynx):

• Trouble breathing or speaking
• A lump or thickening
• Difficulty chewing or swallowing
• A sensation of something caught in the throat
• Persistent throat pain
• Ear pain or ringing in the ears

In the Voice Box (Larynx):

• Pain when swallowing
• Ear pain

In the Sinuses and Nasal Cavity:

• Blocked sinuses that do not clear
• Sinus infections unresponsive to antibiotics
• Nosebleeds
• Headaches
• Pain and swelling around the eyes
• Pain in the upper teeth
• Problems with dentures

If you experience any of these head and neck cancer symptoms, especially if they persist for more than two weeks, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for evaluation.

What Causes Head and Neck Cancer?

Several risk factors are associated with the development of head and neck cancer, including:

• Alcohol and Tobacco Use: The most significant risk factors are the use of tobacco (including smoking and smokeless forms like chewing tobacco) and alcohol. Using both increases the risk more than using either one alone.
• HPV: Infection with cancer-causing types of HPV, especially HPV type 16, is a significant risk factor for oropharyngeal cancers, particularly those affecting the tonsils or the base of the tongue. The incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers is increasing in the U.S.
• Paan (Betel Quid): Similarly to chewing tobacco, paan is a smokeless tobacco placed between the gum and cheek, commonly used in Southeast Asia. Paan with tobacco contains nicotine and harmful, cancer-causing chemicals, which can lead to nicotine addiction and increase the risk of cancers of the lip, mouth, tongue, throat and esophagus. It is also known as gutka.
• Occupational Exposure: Certain occupations that expose workers to substances like wood dust, asbestos, synthetic fibers and other industrial materials may increase the risk of head and neck cancers, particularly in the voice box and nasal cavity.
• Radiation Exposure: Previous radiation treatment to the head and neck for noncancerous conditions or other cancers can raise the risk of salivary gland cancer.
• Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Infection with EBV is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer and salivary gland cancers.
• Ancestry: Certain ancestries, particularly Asian, especially Chinese ancestry, are associated with a higher risk of nasopharyngeal cancer.
• Genetic Disorders: Some underlying genetic disorders, like Fanconi anemia, can increase the risk of developing precancerous lesions and cancers at an early age.

What Is the Most Common Head and Neck Cancer?

The most common types of head and neck cancer are those affecting the mouth, throat and voice box. In the United States, these cancers account for nearly 4% of all cancers and are more than twice as common in men compared to women. Most cases are diagnosed in people over the age of 50. In 2021, it was estimated that over 68,000 people would be diagnosed with head and neck cancers, with mouth, throat and voice box cancers being the most prevalent. Cancers of the paranasal sinuses, nasal cavities and salivary glands are much less common.

Is Head and Neck Cancer Curable?

Head and neck cancer can be curable, and the treatment often includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, sometimes in combination. The curability depends on several factors, such as the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Research indicates that patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal tumors tend to have a better prognosis and a higher chance of complete cure compared to those with HPV-negative tumors.

The goal of head and neck treatment is not only to control the disease but also to preserve the function of the affected areas and help patients return to normal activities as soon as possible. Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in recovery and may involve physical therapy, dietary counseling and speech therapy. In some cases, reconstructive surgery may be a necessary part of head and neck cancer treatment to restore function and appearance. While the potential for cure exists, ongoing care and support are vital for the best outcomes.

Find an ENT Doctor in the Rio Grande Valley

Healthcare is better together. If you or a loved one are experiencing head and neck cancer symptoms, it is crucial to seek care from a qualified ENT doctor. Our multidisciplinary team at Valley Baptist Physician Network provides experienced and compassionate care tailored to your needs. We offer comprehensive diagnostics and treatment options to help ensure the best possible outcomes.

For more information on our ENT services, call call 956-804-5851 or find an ENT doctor in the Rio Grande Valley.